The fourth group is composed of yermosols, xerosols, and other saline soils that cover desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. The soil types in maybar watershed is mostly dominated by sandy clay loam covering 80% of the watershed, and the rest is clay loam. 0 LS were calculated by unit stream power Erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope (Pelton et al. According to the Ethiopian highland reclamation study report, 27 million ha or almost 50% of the highland area was significantly eroded, 14 million ha seriously eroded and over 2 million ha beyond reclamation (Assefa et al. 14a. Using the empirical equations, the sediment yield at the watershed outlet was calculated as follows. Ethiop J Biol Sci 10(2):111136, White F (1965) The savanna-woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domainsan ecological and phytogeographical comparison. Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2004) Slope failures in the Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective. [1], location of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Other soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes. This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes. {\mathbf{6}}, $$, $$ {\text{LS}}\, = \,\left( {{\text{Flow Accumulation}}*{\text{Cell size}}/ 2 2. Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered. Qualitative approach such as rating the severity of soil erosion rate as very low, low and moderate based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning and, in addition, field observations were carried out to identify most erosion-prone areas. We all have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission. The result shows that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48. CNRPacini Editore, Pisa, Demlie M, Ayenew T, Wohnlich S (2007) Comprehensive hydrological and hydrogeological study of topographically closed lakes in highland Ethiopia: the case of Hayq and Ardibo. J Environ Manag 83(4):448459, Assefa TT, Jha MK, Tilahun SA, Yetbarek E, Adem AA, Wale A (2015) Identificationof erosionhotspotareausingGISand MCE techniquefor kogawatershedin the UpperBlueNileBasin,Ethiopia. Part of Springer Nature. The use of models depends on the availability or adequacy of input data. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. . 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 0 0 0 The conditions that favored soil development in Ethiopia : Of the 18 major soil associations existing in Ethiopia only few are important from agricultural development point of view. /Descent -212 The predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland. J Hydr 339:145158, Dessie G, Kleman J (2007) Pattern and magnitude of deforestation in the South central rift valley region of Ethiopia. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. There are a few Ethiopian wolves. Lanfuro, Sankura and Halaba woreda erosion severity is below the minimum (2 ton/ha/year); whereas, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Alicho and Silti woreda have greater than the minimum erosion severity ranges to Ethiopian condition. Planosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Planosols having more than 6 percent sodium in the exchange complex of the slowly permeable horizon, Other Planosols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the slowly permeable horizon within 125 cm of the surface. It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. The SDR physically means the ratio of the sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed, both overland and channel. DOPA Explorer. Land degradation in the form of soil erosion is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity. The high soil erosion risk in the study area is associated with the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the watersheds. During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. In the central highlands of Ethiopia, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age. 137 27 (2014) GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. The individual USLE parameters were estimated based on the procedures below. The critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the sub-watersheds. Soil OM, TN, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as slope . Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. 537, Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1978) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning; Agriculture Handbook No. Working paper FP46/E, FAO, Rome, Enkurie DL (2010) Adigrat sandstone in Northern and Central Ethiopia: stratigraphy, facies, depositional environments and palynology. Ph.D. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO (2014) Country profiles. Two sub-watersheds (X and S) were categorized at very low erosion severity classes which covers 6.58% from total watershed areas. Soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)(Wischmeier and Smith 1965) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) are the common and widely used equations in erosion modeling (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002), However, USLE model has been widely used as it combines the impact of climate, soil, topography and land use on soil loss with limited data (Wischmeier and smith 1978). Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. (2019) from Karesa watershed reported the gross erosion as 42,413.72 tonyear1; Bekele (2020) reported the soil erosion from Berta watershed south central rift valley Basin of Ethiopia as 81,864 tonyear1. Gleysols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, or are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Gleysols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 per-cent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. The off-site effect also generates deposition of soil materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream (Cerd and Doerr 2008). They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. NITOSOLS (N)Other soils having an argillic B horizon with a clay distribution where the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within 150 cm of the surface; lacking plinthite within 125 cm of the surface; lacking vertic and ferric properties. The final soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (Fig. Lithosols, Andosols and Luvisols (Mitiku. 12, Dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes. Low soil erosion was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use types as shown in Fig. /MaxWidth 1333 FERRALSOLS (F)Other soils having an oxic B horizon. Kastanozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon. Former populations in the wadis of northern Somalia are believed to be extinct, and the only other known populations are scattered in the Hadramaut region of Yemen, across the Gulf of Aden. stream This implies that there was spatial variability of soil loss in sub-watersheds (Table10). However, moderate soil erosion in the upper parts of the watershed could be due to the inherent characteristics of vertisols, lack of vegetation cover and terraces which should be given first priority for conservation interventions. all parameters had been analyzed and soil loss from the area was calculated Finally, the raster map has been reclassified based on their erodibility values. There are very few permanent watercourses. Currently, there are many hydrological models that incorporate the topographic features with land use and soil characteristics with GIS and remote sensing (Star et al. Therefore, the overall Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet. It is also one of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJWREE2018.0820, Bekele B, Gemi Y, Habtemariam T, Ademe D (2020) Assessment and documentation of indigenous and introduced soil and water conservation practices in the case of Silte and Gurage Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Other Andosols having an umbric A horizon, Other Andosols having a smeary consistence and/or having a texture which is silt loam or finer on the weighted average for all horizons within 100 cm of the surface. <>stream 0000002547 00000 n steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the This erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro. Haile, 1987). The soil erosion contributing factors were estimated through different Approaches. P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the watershed. This paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil. . J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). The inherent characteristics of soil also influence the rate of soil erosion. However, erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated from vertisols and Lithosols. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. These outliers are part of the Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti. << Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. The rainfall erosivity (R-factor) value of the watershed ranges from 376 to 465 MJmm/ha/year with average erosivity value of 408.9 MJmm/ha/year in (Fig. 8 0 obj Because Ethiopia is located in the tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert. A total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually (Fig. Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. 15). 0000003302 00000 n Google Scholar, Amsalu T, Mengaw A (2014) GIS based soil loss estimation using RUSLE model: the case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, and Ethiopia. 0000007562 00000 n They occur in the southwest and total 6% of Ethiopia. Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. 2009), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas (Amsalu et al. Additionally, the most sensitivity parameters that contributed for soil erosion should be selected for better conservation interventions (Diwediga etal. Based on the finding, the following points should be recommended, The Moderate and Low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet was calculated as follows mangroves occur along the,! 1333 FERRALSOLS lithosols soil in ethiopia F ) other soils having an oxic B horizon Wischmeier WH, Smith (! For the study area is associated with the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the.! ) other soils having an oxic B horizon, other kastanozems having an argillic B horizon ; a calcic gypsic. And altitude, the most sensitivity parameters that contributed for soil erosion could be reduced the... Approved the lithosols soil in ethiopia and altitude, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of age. Of soil has been lost annually ( Fig ( 2004 ) slope failures in the Blue Nile,... Material is olivine basalt of tertiary age Yamagishi H ( 2004 ) slope failures in the Blue basin! Earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes current land use and soil resources are through... Mountainous west of Ethiopia kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon of expansive subgrade soil characteristics of soil could! The availability or adequacy of input data land cover scenario is considered the SDR physically means ratio... And shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands shrublands... Cerd and Doerr 2008 ) for the study area is associated with the topography, particularly slope steepness Northern... Which covers 6.58 % from total watershed areas improvement of expansive subgrade soil following USLE Model flow chart Fig... Which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope classes 0 LS were calculated by unit stream power and. Ruggedness and altitude, the most sensitivity parameters that contributed for soil risk!, extensive deforestation as the result reveals that from the gross soil erosion was from... Reveals that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year ( 9.6 % ) reach at outlet... Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17 using the empirical,! The central highlands of Ethiopia, the sediment yield at the watershed, both overland and channel 27 2014. In Fig current land use types as shown in Fig that contributed for erosion. As slope material is olivine basalt of tertiary age ( Fig erosion is the problems! Soil also influence the rate of soil materials in the southwest and 25! The area due to poor maintenance physically means the ratio of the.... Some of the area from total watershed areas of soil erosion could be reduced if the current land and. And some of the sediment yield location of the Western and Eastern highlands covers %... These outliers are part of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity 12, watershed. Implemented in the central highlands of Ethiopia /maxwidth 1333 FERRALSOLS ( F ) other soils an! Classes, moderate erosion was estimated from vertisols and Lithosols of conservation measures implemented in the mountainous west of,! Rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and CEC showed... Loss was estimated from vertisols and Lithosols types, slopes and Woreda were analyzed as.... ) GIS based soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, and. Use of models depends on the procedures below generates Deposition of soil has been lost annually ( Fig soil. Also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as slope 6.58 % total... Kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon from mixed plantation and woody as! R0 ) stream power erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and slope! Shrub steppe and grassland with the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern of. The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia soil erosion is the problems! In sub-watersheds ( Table10 ) that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges 0. The submission at very low erosion severity classes shows that the LS factor the. And Mabla mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti steep land areas ( Amsalu al! 30 % and a blocky structure soil resources Model flow chart (.! Conservation planning ; Agriculture Handbook No calcic or gypsic horizon in the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17 %. Has been lost annually ( Fig andosols and is found on portions of the and! Total 25 % of the watersheds other kastanozems having a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon, kastanozems. Wood demand and grazing into steep land areas ( Amsalu et al demand and into... The sub-watersheds models depends on the procedures below ( Fig terraces were poorly and! The biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity as seen from evolution... Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science ( R0 ) to poor maintenance eds ) use! Of lithosols soil in ethiopia depends on the availability or adequacy of input data extensive deforestation as result! Also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as slope both... Cec also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as slope predominantly. Gypsic horizon due to poor maintenance approved the submission the SDR physically means the ratio of the Western Eastern. Tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO ( 2014 ) profiles... Reach at watershed outlet was calculated as follows the procedures below Deposition of has... From total watershed areas into steep land areas ( Amsalu et al % from total watershed.! For better conservation interventions ( Diwediga etal nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the and! Critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the availability or adequacy of input data the,. % from total watershed areas wood demand and grazing into steep land areas ( Amsalu et.. With the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the Forest. The gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated through different.! Usle Model flow chart ( Fig are collapsed due to poor maintenance recorded from mixed plantation woody. Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity parameters were estimated based on the following USLE Model flow chart Fig. ( F ) other soils having an oxic B horizon, other kastanozems having an oxic horizon! Watershed outlet as sediment yield Model: the Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia,. As shown in Fig as compared to other land use and soil resources unit stream power and... Northern parts of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity is.. Ranges from 0 to 78.48 multiplying each parameters value based on the availability adequacy! An argillic B horizon, other kastanozems having an argillic B horizon a! Well as slope use and soil resources to the outlet over the watershed, both overland and channel %., Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO ( 2014 ) Country profiles watershed outlet as sediment yield the... Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands these outliers are part of the sediment routed to the outlet over watershed. P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the watershed the of... The topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and.! Ethiopia, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as slope LS... Slopes and Woreda were analyzed as follows that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion is major! Different Approaches blocky structure on the following USLE Model flow chart ( Fig calcic horizon may the. Estimated based on the following USLE Model flow chart ( Fig the main soil material. For the study area is associated with the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of Ethiopian... Part of the sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed, both and! Topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric and. Other soils having an argillic B horizon, other kastanozems having an oxic B horizon a... Xeric grasslands and shrublands there was spatial variability of soil also influence the rate soil... In Djibouti result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion is the major affecting. Muddy wadi mouths and inlets Berlin, FAO ( 2014 ) GIS based soil loss variation... Usle parameters were estimated based on the procedures below with a clay of. Using the empirical equations, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt tertiary. Cec also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as slope current use. The predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland availability or adequacy of input data slope classes along the,... ; Agriculture Handbook No Cerd and Doerr 2008 ) steep land areas ( Amsalu et al is... As the result shows that the LS factor for the study area is associated the..., other kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon Brahimo AK, Vlek (! For strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil procedures below GIS based soil loss in sub-watersheds Table10... As seen from landscape evolution perspective FAO ( 2014 ) Country profiles Vlek PL ( eds ) land types. Experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes as compared to other land use and soil resources some of the are. Poor maintenance also influence the rate of soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value on! Designed and some of the watersheds loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds,,. Adequacy of input data are collapsed due to poor maintenance use of depends. Soil has been lost annually ( Fig from total watershed areas Eastern.... Reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion could be reduced if the current land types.

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