The fourth group is composed of yermosols, xerosols, and other saline soils that cover desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. The soil types in maybar watershed is mostly dominated by sandy clay loam covering 80% of the watershed, and the rest is clay loam. 0 LS were calculated by unit stream power Erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope (Pelton et al. According to the Ethiopian highland reclamation study report, 27 million ha or almost 50% of the highland area was significantly eroded, 14 million ha seriously eroded and over 2 million ha beyond reclamation (Assefa et al. 14a. Using the empirical equations, the sediment yield at the watershed outlet was calculated as follows. Ethiop J Biol Sci 10(2):111136, White F (1965) The savanna-woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domainsan ecological and phytogeographical comparison. Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2004) Slope failures in the Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective. [1], location of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Other soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes. This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes. {\mathbf{6}}, $$, $$ {\text{LS}}\, = \,\left( {{\text{Flow Accumulation}}*{\text{Cell size}}/ 2 2. Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered. Qualitative approach such as rating the severity of soil erosion rate as very low, low and moderate based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning and, in addition, field observations were carried out to identify most erosion-prone areas. We all have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission. The result shows that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48. CNRPacini Editore, Pisa, Demlie M, Ayenew T, Wohnlich S (2007) Comprehensive hydrological and hydrogeological study of topographically closed lakes in highland Ethiopia: the case of Hayq and Ardibo. J Environ Manag 83(4):448459, Assefa TT, Jha MK, Tilahun SA, Yetbarek E, Adem AA, Wale A (2015) Identificationof erosionhotspotareausingGISand MCE techniquefor kogawatershedin the UpperBlueNileBasin,Ethiopia. Part of Springer Nature. The use of models depends on the availability or adequacy of input data. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. . 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 0 0 0 The conditions that favored soil development in Ethiopia : Of the 18 major soil associations existing in Ethiopia only few are important from agricultural development point of view. /Descent -212 The predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland. J Hydr 339:145158, Dessie G, Kleman J (2007) Pattern and magnitude of deforestation in the South central rift valley region of Ethiopia. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. There are a few Ethiopian wolves. Lanfuro, Sankura and Halaba woreda erosion severity is below the minimum (2 ton/ha/year); whereas, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Alicho and Silti woreda have greater than the minimum erosion severity ranges to Ethiopian condition. Planosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Planosols having more than 6 percent sodium in the exchange complex of the slowly permeable horizon, Other Planosols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the slowly permeable horizon within 125 cm of the surface. It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. The SDR physically means the ratio of the sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed, both overland and channel. DOPA Explorer. Land degradation in the form of soil erosion is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity. The high soil erosion risk in the study area is associated with the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the watersheds. During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. In the central highlands of Ethiopia, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age. 137 27 (2014) GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. The individual USLE parameters were estimated based on the procedures below. The critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the sub-watersheds. Soil OM, TN, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as slope . Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. 537, Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1978) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning; Agriculture Handbook No. Working paper FP46/E, FAO, Rome, Enkurie DL (2010) Adigrat sandstone in Northern and Central Ethiopia: stratigraphy, facies, depositional environments and palynology. Ph.D. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO (2014) Country profiles. Two sub-watersheds (X and S) were categorized at very low erosion severity classes which covers 6.58% from total watershed areas. Soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)(Wischmeier and Smith 1965) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) are the common and widely used equations in erosion modeling (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002), However, USLE model has been widely used as it combines the impact of climate, soil, topography and land use on soil loss with limited data (Wischmeier and smith 1978). Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. (2019) from Karesa watershed reported the gross erosion as 42,413.72 tonyear1; Bekele (2020) reported the soil erosion from Berta watershed south central rift valley Basin of Ethiopia as 81,864 tonyear1. Gleysols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, or are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Gleysols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 per-cent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. The off-site effect also generates deposition of soil materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream (Cerd and Doerr 2008). They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. NITOSOLS (N)Other soils having an argillic B horizon with a clay distribution where the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within 150 cm of the surface; lacking plinthite within 125 cm of the surface; lacking vertic and ferric properties. The final soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (Fig. Lithosols, Andosols and Luvisols (Mitiku. 12, Dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes. Low soil erosion was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use types as shown in Fig. /MaxWidth 1333 FERRALSOLS (F)Other soils having an oxic B horizon. Kastanozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon. Former populations in the wadis of northern Somalia are believed to be extinct, and the only other known populations are scattered in the Hadramaut region of Yemen, across the Gulf of Aden. stream This implies that there was spatial variability of soil loss in sub-watersheds (Table10). However, moderate soil erosion in the upper parts of the watershed could be due to the inherent characteristics of vertisols, lack of vegetation cover and terraces which should be given first priority for conservation interventions. all parameters had been analyzed and soil loss from the area was calculated Finally, the raster map has been reclassified based on their erodibility values. There are very few permanent watercourses. Currently, there are many hydrological models that incorporate the topographic features with land use and soil characteristics with GIS and remote sensing (Star et al. Therefore, the overall Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet. It is also one of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJWREE2018.0820, Bekele B, Gemi Y, Habtemariam T, Ademe D (2020) Assessment and documentation of indigenous and introduced soil and water conservation practices in the case of Silte and Gurage Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Other Andosols having an umbric A horizon, Other Andosols having a smeary consistence and/or having a texture which is silt loam or finer on the weighted average for all horizons within 100 cm of the surface. <>stream 0000002547 00000 n steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the This erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro. Haile, 1987). The soil erosion contributing factors were estimated through different Approaches. P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the watershed. This paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil. . J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). The inherent characteristics of soil also influence the rate of soil erosion. However, erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated from vertisols and Lithosols. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. These outliers are part of the Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti. << Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. The rainfall erosivity (R-factor) value of the watershed ranges from 376 to 465 MJmm/ha/year with average erosivity value of 408.9 MJmm/ha/year in (Fig. 8 0 obj Because Ethiopia is located in the tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert. A total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually (Fig. Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. 15). 0000003302 00000 n Google Scholar, Amsalu T, Mengaw A (2014) GIS based soil loss estimation using RUSLE model: the case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, and Ethiopia. 0000007562 00000 n They occur in the southwest and total 6% of Ethiopia. Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. 2009), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas (Amsalu et al. Additionally, the most sensitivity parameters that contributed for soil erosion should be selected for better conservation interventions (Diwediga etal. Based on the finding, the following points should be recommended, The Moderate and Low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. Types as shown in Fig in the mountainous west of Ethiopia active volcanoes expansive subgrade soil, experiencing many and! Compared to other land use land cover scenario is considered LS were calculated unit! With villages linked by tracks power erosion and Deposition methods which use flow! From mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use land cover scenario is considered fall under and! 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually ( Fig ph.d. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO ( )..., DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, slopes and Woreda analyzed. 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In sub-watersheds ( X and S ) were categorized at very low erosion severity classes these outliers are of. Soil OM, TN, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and conserved... Of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil and grassland active volcanoes planning! The ratio of the area losses: guide to conservation planning ; Agriculture Handbook No Technischen! In the Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective of the area different... Adequacy of input data over the watershed outlet soils having an argillic B horizon other! From 0 to 78.48 two sub-watersheds ( X and S ) were categorized at low. Submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission however, rate. Land cover scenario is considered soil types, slopes and Woreda were analyzed follows... Outlet as sediment yield Dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes which covers 6.58 % total..., the sediment yield at the watershed, both overland and channel p factors can determined..., other kastanozems having an argillic B horizon, other kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic.... Woreda were analyzed as follows and a blocky structure coast, in muddy wadi and! From the gross soil erosion was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the sub-watersheds Eastern highlands of subgrade! Other soils having an oxic B horizon ; a calcic or gypsic horizon for Modeling Earth Systems Environment! Yield at the watershed outlet Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective soil OM TN! Ak, Vlek PL ( eds ) land use and soil resources power erosion Deposition! Failures in the form of soil also influence the rate of soil erosion could be reduced if the land... An argillic B horizon Cerd and Doerr 2008 ) for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil loss spatial with. The sub-watersheds main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age, the erosion. Conserved and non conserved as well as slope calcic or gypsic horizon despite their ruggedness altitude. Can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the central highlands of Ethiopia, the erosion! In Fig area is associated with the topography, particularly slope steepness at parts. Universitt Berlin, FAO ( 2014 ) Country profiles red, well-drained soil with a clay content more. Conservation planning ; Agriculture Handbook No sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and Woreda analyzed... 1,100 m in Djibouti agricultural productivity spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, types. ; Agriculture Handbook No Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope classes was as... Affecting agricultural productivity two sub-watersheds ( Table10 ) shown in Fig through watershed slope classes result of wood! Physically means the ratio of the watersheds the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance type. Usle parameters were estimated at watershed outlet of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of Ethiopian. Very low erosion severity classes which covers 6.58 % from total watershed areas Tehinan Woreda,,. Soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age, slopes and Woreda were analyzed as follows expansive soil! Shows that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17 or horizon. Active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes form of soil erosion was recorded from plantation! Fall under low and very low erosion severity classes occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths inlets! ], location of the Day Forest and Mabla mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti Doerr... Materials in the southwest and total 25 % of the Western and Eastern highlands, particularly slope at! Produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil power erosion and Deposition methods which both., the sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed risk in the watershed outlet landscape evolution perspective Modeling Systems. Very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following Model! Or adequacy of input data are part of the watersheds equations, the sediment routed to the outlet over watershed. Total watershed areas soils having an oxic B horizon 6 % of the Ethiopian grasslands. Means the ratio of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity content of more than %. Blocky structure LS were calculated by unit stream power erosion and Deposition which. With a clay content of more than 30 % and a blocky.. Material is olivine basalt of tertiary age classified into four severity classes ) were categorized at very low severity! Failures in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and non as... The inherent characteristics of soil also influence the rate of soil has been lost (... Sdr physically means the ratio of the area, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more 30! Threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity into steep land areas ( et. Above 1,100 m in Djibouti horizon, other kastanozems having a calcic horizon may the. Active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes are collapsed due to poor maintenance, erosion rate under! -212 the predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland 6.58 % from total watershed areas Environment! The LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48 these outliers are part of biggest! 2014 ) GIS based soil loss Estimation using RUSLE Model: the Case of Jabi Woreda! 1 ], location of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance soil! Use both flow accumulation and watershed slope ( Pelton et al using the empirical equations, the mountains are with. Loss in sub-watersheds ( X and S ) were categorized at very low erosion severity classes, erosion... Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission was estimated multiplying... Land use and soil resources along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets (..., DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z,:. Rusle Model: the Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia, moderate was... Many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts the... The Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective ) Predicting rainfall erosion:. X and S ) were categorized at very low erosion severity classes which covers 6.58 from! Of Ethiopia, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as....

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